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Reviews of Midsize SUVs

Impressions and critiques of midsize SUVs. Recommended vehicles are printed in blue in the list of models, any model shown in bold blue was judged to be the best vehicle in this class. (Model names printed with the reviews will not be colored whether a vehicle is recommended or not.) See all Top Picks and Recommended models by class.


Buick Enclave

Chevrolet TrailBlazer

Chrysler Pacifica

Ford Edge

Ford Explorer

Ford Taurus X

GMC Acadia

GMC Envoy

Honda Pilot

Hyundai Veracruz

Jeep Commander

Jeep Grand Cherokee

 

MORE COMING SOON

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $32,790-$37,040

Pros: Interior space, ride, handling, refinement.

Cons: Visibility, price.

Overall: A spacious and luxurious midsize SUV that

Rating: 7/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 7/10 7/10
Luxury 7/10 7/10
Practicality 10/10 9/10
Performance 6/10 6/10
Fuel Economy 8/10 4/10
Safety Unknown Unknown
Price 5/10 5/10

The Enclave is an uplevel version of the GMC Acadia and Saturn Outlook. All are comfortable, spacious, and refined, and for a higher price tag, the Enclave adds a touch more refinement, ride comfort, and interior quality. None are particularly powerful, however, and rearward visibility could be better. But most significantly, while the three SUVs are largely similar, the Enclave has by far the highest price. Look to the other two before buying one, and come back to the Enclave only after deciding that its slight upgrades were worth it.

 

 Another excellent midsize SUV to consider is the Ford Taurus X, which is quiet but otherwise un-luxurious, but is well-priced, comfortable, safe, and spacious, though it doesn't have quite as much cargo space as the Acadia. The Hyundai Veracruz has a luxurious interior and a very quiet ride, and is roomy and comfortable, but isn't as agile or spacious as the Acadia, and lacks a price advantage. The Honda Pilot is a roomy, somewhat utilitarian SUV that lacks the Acadia's luxury but is all-around competent. The Mazda CX-9 is the class leader for consumers interested in nimble handling, and the Chrysler Pacifica is a good value alternative, but neither are as roomy as the Acadia. And, for those willing to consider them, minivans are excellent alternatives to FWD car-based midsize SUVs. Note that these vehicles do not do the same off-road or towing duty as good truck-based models, like the Nissan Pathfinder or larger models like the Dodge Durango and Ford Expedition.

Chevrolet TrailBlazer

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $27,405-$33,950

Pros: Acceleration (V8), price, ride comfort.

Cons: Handling, interior quality, no 3rd-row seat, fuel economy, safety ratings.

Overall: Relatively inexpensive but without other redeeming qualities.

Rating: 4/10

Recommended: NO

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 4/10 6/10
Luxury 5/10 4/10
Practicality 5/10 6/10
Performance 4/10 4/10
Fuel Economy 4/10 3/10
Safety 2/10 4/10
Price 7/10 6/10

The TrailBlazer and its clones, the Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy, and Isuzu Ascender, date back to 2002, and were mediocre even then. It still has a comfortable ride for a truck-based SUV and a strong optional V8, but handles clumsily, has dreadful interior quality, offers no third-row seat (the extended-length EXT version has been discontinued), gets poor gas mileage, and has unsupportive seats. It's deeply discounted, but even at lower prices it's not worth the money. The SS model is the cheaper of two choices for sporty truck-based SUVs with powerful V8s, and is the better value of the two, but it's the only TrailBlazer you should consider.

 

If you don't need your SUV to be a true truck with heavy duty towing and off-road capability, consider a car-based SUV, such as the Honda Pilot, GMC Acadia/Saturn Outlook, Ford Freestyle, or Toyota Highlander. These are more expensive than the TrailBlazer, but all are much more comfortable, agile, safe, and fuel-efficient. If you do need a truck for off-road or towing duty, consider the Ford Explorer and Nissan Pathfinder, though if you will be using your SUV only as a car, you don't need to make the sacrifices in driving dynamics and gas mileage with those models.

Chrysler Pacifica

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $24,635-$36,195

Pros: Price, ride comfort, interior comfort, acceleration (except base model).

Cons: Agility, visibility.

Overall: A safe, comfortable, and well-priced family vehicle.

Rating: 7/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 7/10 7/10
Luxury 7/10 7/10
Practicality 6/10 8/10
Performance 6/10 6/10
Fuel Economy 4/10 3/10
Safety 7/10 8/10
Price 7/10 6/10

The Pacifica falls into the market category of "crossover", meaning that it's a car-based SUV that attempts to offer the benefits of a minivan without a minivan appearance. And while it doesn't quite do that, as it has significantly less third-row seat and cargo space and seating for only six passengers, it is a much better family vehicle than most other midsize SUVs, and costs less than most competing crossovers.

 

The Ford Taurus X is roomier than the Pacifica, handles more nimbly, offers seating for six or seven passengers rather than the Pacifica's choice of five or six, and gets better gas mileage. But the Pacifica is more powerful and refined, has better-shaped seats, and has a more luxurious interior. The GMC Acadia and Saturn Outlook twins offer most of the Taurus X's benefits (its gas mileage isn't as good though) with even more interior space and a luxury feel, though it's expensive and the Pacifica again has more power and better-shaped seats. And a minivan will be much roomier and comparably-priced.

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $25,320-$28,965

Pros: Safety ratings, acceleration.

Cons: No 3rd-row seat, cargo space, fuel economy, price.

Overall: Too heavy and too expensive to get away with offering an interior as small and cheap.

Rating: 5/10

Recommended: NO

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 7/10 7/10
Luxury 6/10 7/10
Practicality 3/10 7/10
Performance 6/10 6/10
Fuel Economy 3/10 3/10
Safety 10/10 10/10
Price 5/10 5/10

 

The new-for-2007 Edge is a stylish midsize SUV squeezed into an already-full lineup of Ford midsize SUVs, which also includes the three-row Freestyle (soon to be redesigned as the Taurus X) and Explorer models. And the Edge does not stand out except for its appearance, though it may make a decent first impression with its acceptable 5-passenger comfort, its comfortable and quiet ride, its powerful V6, its competitive base price, and its top-notch safety ratings. But other considerations make it much less appealing. The Edge isn't particularly big, lacking a third row seat and offering almost no more cargo space than Ford's much smaller and cheaper Escape, yet it is very heavy, which makes it handle and use gasoline like a larger, roomier SUV. The engine is too loud under acceleration. The interior is cheaply constructed. And when options are added, the Edge gets expensive quickly. Don't let the first impression fool you: you can do better than the Edge.

 

If the Edge has enough space for you, consider saving money and getting a compact SUV. The Hyundai Santa Fe is spacious, luxurious, and relatively inexpensive, and has a long warranty. The Toyota RAV4 isn't particularly refined, but rides and handles well and is available with a powerful V6 that gets very good gas mileage for an SUV. If you don't need a lot of power, the Honda CR-V is comfortable, refined, and fuel-efficient. And to save even more money, consider the budget-priced Hyundai Tucson / Kia Sportage twins and Ford's own Escape. If you would like the space of a traditional midsize SUV, more than the Edge offers, consider the GMC Acadia / Saturn Outlook twins, the Honda Pilot, and the Ford Freestyle/Taurus X. And if you want a 5-passenger midsize SUV that delivers the sport that the Edge's styling seems to promise, look at the Mitsubishi Endeavor and Nissan Murano.

Ford Explorer

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $25,300-$34,895

Pros: Price, interior space, ride comfort, towing capacity, refinement (V8).

Cons: Agility, interior quality, instrument layout, acceleration and refinement (V6), fuel economy.

Overall: A relatively capable and inexpensive truck that should be reserved for those who need a truck.

Rating: 6/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 6/10 7/10
Luxury 6/10 6/10
Practicality 8/10 8/10
Performance 4/10 5/10
Fuel Economy 4/10 3/10
Safety 7/10 7/10
Price 7/10 6/10

The Explorer effectively created the family SUV market when it was introduced in 1991, offering the image and capability of a truck in a package with as many benefits of a station wagon as possible. Until recently, it was the best-selling SUV in the United States, though it is suddenly no longer in contention for the title. For while the 1991 Explorer was the most civilized mainstream truck, the 2007 Explorer faces competition from car-based competitors, which can offer better driving dynamics, roomier interiors, and better gas mileage. The Explorer, like its twin, the Mercury Mountaineer, remains spacious, comfortable, and quiet for a truck-based SUV, which is good for families who need to tow heavy trailers or go farther off road than a car-based competitor could. But others will be able to get better acceleration, more refinement, a more comfortable ride, better fuel economy, more interior space, and better handling: all virtually inherent in a car-based design. The Explorer's additional flaws, unrelated to its basic design, include a poor instrument layout and a cheap interior, making it an SUV to be tolerated by those who need its capability. Its strengths make it relatively easy to tolerate, but light-duty users should look elsewhere.

 

Some car-based midsize SUVs to consider when possible instead of the Explorer are the GMC Acadia / Saturn Outlook twins, the Mazda CX-9, and the Honda Pilot, which offer roomy interiors and very good driving dynamics but cost more than the Explorer. Ford's own Freestyle is actually less expensive and highly capable, but not very powerful or refined. A good truck-based alternative to the Explorer is the larger Dodge Durango, which is frequently discounted to competitive prices and is highly capable, very roomy, and drives well for a large truck-based SUV. The smaller Nissan Pathfinder is also an acceptable choice if you don't need the Explorer's passenger space.

Ford Taurus X

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $26,615-$31,800

Pros: Interior space, safety ratings, refinement, fuel economy, ride comfort, acceleration.

Cons: Agility.

Overall: No longer a value leader and still lacking in luxury, but more powerful and refined than before, and still roomy and safe.

Rating: 8/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 7/10 7/10
Luxury 7/10 7/10
Practicality 9/10 8/10
Performance 7/10 6/10
Fuel Economy 6/10 4/10
Safety 10/10 10/10
Price 7/10 5/10

The Taurus X is a facelifted and renamed version of the 2007 Ford Freestyle. In the transition, it picked up a larger engine and a softer ride, but lost some agility and price advantage. However, the basics keep the Taurus X a highly competitive vehicle. It achieved top safety ratings in NHTSA and IIHS testing, it has a relatively comfortable third row with usable space behind it, and it is more maneuverable than some competitors. But despite additional refinement it received for 2008, it still lacks the interior quality to be considered as luxurious as some competitors, which may be a deal-breaker for some when seeing the price. But the Taurus X is a safe, practical, and relatively fuel-efficient midsize SUV worth a good look from shoppers in this class.

 

The GMC Acadia / Saturn Outlook twins offer the Taurus X's benefits of a roomy interior with usable third-row seating, as well as better handling and interior quality and more cargo space. However, they aren't as easy to load, as maneuverable, or as fuel-efficient as the Taurus X. The Hyundai Veracruz offers a bit more refinement and a much nicer interior, but without the brand's traditional price advantage. The Mazda CX-9 is the class leader for consumers interested in nimble handling, and the Chrysler Pacifica is a good value alternative, but neither are as roomy as the Taurus X. And, for those willing to consider them, minivans are excellent alternatives to FWD car-based midsize SUVs. Note that these vehicles do not do the same off-road or towing duty as truck-based models, like the Nissan Pathfinder or larger models like the Dodge Durango and Ford Expedition.

GMC Acadia

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $29,255-$35,225

Pros: Interior space, ride, handling, refinement.

Cons: Visibility.

Overall: Spacious, comfortable, and quiet; a very good all-around vehicle.

Rating: 8/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 7/10 7/10
Luxury 7/10 7/10
Practicality 10/10 9/10
Performance 6/10 6/10
Fuel Economy 8/10 4/10
Safety Unknown Unknown
Price 5/10 5/10

The Acadia is larger than most of its competitors, inside and out, but tends to feel its size inside, where up to eight passengers have reasonably comfortable seating and where there is plenty of cargo space. But except in tight, low-speed maneuvers, it doesn't feel huge to the driver, handling more nimbly than many smaller competitors, truck- and car-based. It also rides comfortably and very quietly. However, though its size does not hurt its handling, it does limit the potency and efficiency of the Acadia's 3.6-liter V6 engine, which is less powerful and gets lower gas mileage than most car-based competitors. Visibility could also be better, and the high cargo floor makes loading heavy items somewhat troublesome. The second-row bench seat (captain's chairs are optional) is too low. And it's not inexpensive. But the Acadia does most things very well, and its shortcomings are relatively insignificant. Definitely consider it in your midsize SUV search.

 

Before buying the Acadia, cross-shop it with the near-identical Saturn Outlook, which has al lower sticker price but only sells at that price. Buy whichever of the two you find a better deal on. Another excellent midsize SUV to consider is the Ford Taurus X, which is quiet but otherwise un-luxurious, but is well-priced, comfortable, safe, and spacious, though it doesn't have quite as much cargo space as the Acadia. The Hyundai Veracruz has a luxurious interior and a very quiet ride, and is roomy and comfortable, but isn't as agile or spacious as the Acadia, and lacks a price advantage. The Honda Pilot is a roomy, somewhat utilitarian SUV that lacks the Acadia's luxury but is all-around competent. The Mazda CX-9 is the class leader for consumers interested in nimble handling, and the Chrysler Pacifica is a good value alternative, but neither are as roomy as the Acadia. And, for those willing to consider them, minivans are excellent alternatives to FWD car-based midsize SUVs. Note that these vehicles do not do the same off-road or towing duty as truck-based models, like the Nissan Pathfinder or larger models like the Dodge Durango and Ford Expedition.

GMC Envoy

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $26,560-$36,990

Pros: Acceleration (V8), price, ride comfort.

Cons: Handling, interior quality, no 3rd-row seat, fuel economy, safety ratings.

Overall: Relatively inexpensive but without other redeeming qualities.

Rating: 4/10

Recommended: NO

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 4/10 6/10
Luxury 5/10 4/10
Practicality 5/10 6/10
Performance 4/10 4/10
Fuel Economy 4/10 3/10
Safety 2/10 4/10
Price 7/10 6/10

The Envoy and its clones, the Buick Rainier, Chevrolet TrailBlazer, and Isuzu Ascender, date back to 2002, and were mediocre even then. It still has a comfortable ride for a truck-based SUV and a strong optional V8, but handles clumsily, has dreadful interior quality, offers no third-row seat (the extended-length EXT version has been discontinued), gets poor gas mileage, and has unsupportive seats. It's deeply discounted, but even at lower prices it's not worth the money.

 

If you don't need your SUV to be a true truck with heavy duty towing and off-road capability, consider a car-based SUV, such as the Honda Pilot, GMC Acadia/Saturn Outlook, Ford Taurus X, or Toyota Highlander. These are more expensive than the Envoy, but all are much more comfortable, agile, safe, and fuel-efficient. If you do need a truck for off-road or towing duty, consider the Ford Explorer and Nissan Pathfinder, though if you will be using your SUV only as a car, you don't need to make the sacrifices in driving dynamics and gas mileage with those models.

Honda Pilot

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $27,095-$33,245

Pros: Interior space, safety ratings, ride, interior quality.

Cons: Price.

Overall: A strong contender without the luxury of many newer competitors.

Rating: 7/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 7/10 7/10
Luxury 6/10 6/10
Practicality 8/10 8/10
Performance 7/10 6/10
Fuel Economy 6/10 4/10
Safety 10/10 10/10
Price 4/10 5/10

The Pilot is the oldest design among midsize car-based SUVs still on the market, and the market has taken off around it. But it remains highly competitive. Though newer competitors include more luxurious interiors and quieter rides, the Pilot's bland interior is very well-assembled and it rides well enough. And unlike some competitors, its functionality is uncompromised by its styling, leading to good space efficiency with adequate third-row seating and good cargo space. Updates have also provided it with contemporary safety equipment, more than in some newer competitors. The Pilot is a bit pricey for its concentration of utility over luxury, but it does what it does quite well.

 

For more luxury than the Pilot, consider the Hyundai Veracruz and GMC Acadia / Saturn Outlook twins. Both are quiet and have high-quality interiors that look less basic than the Pilot's, and offer good ride and handling, spacious interiors, and better gas mileage. The Pilot has better visibility and a more comfortable second-row seat, and is generally less expensive than the Acadia (though none of the three are inexpensive.) The Ford Taurus X is similar to the Pilot in its function over form, but is quieter and more fuel-efficient, though it isn't as nice inside. Those who want a sportier driving experience should consider the Mazda CX-9, and value seekers should look to the Chrysler Pacifica. And consumers looking to tow or go off-road should consider the Ford Explorer and Nissan Pathfinder, and the larger Ford Expedition, Dodge Durango, and Nissan Armada.

Hyundai Veracruz

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $26,345-$34,005

Pros: Interior space, interior quality, refinement, warranty, safety.

Cons: Agility, visibility.

Overall: Luxurious and spacious, but it needs to be closer to perfect to be a class leader without a price advantage.

Rating: 7/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 8/10 7/10
Luxury 9/10 9/10
Practicality 6/10 8/10
Performance 7/10 6/10
Fuel Economy 6/10 4/10
Safety 10/10 5/10
Price 6/10 5/10

Hyundai has tried to call the Veracruz its breakthrough vehicle, one that will allow it to compete on substance rather than price. But while the Veracruz would have been an excellent value alternative to other midsize SUVs, it can't be a class leader at their price point. It lacks the power, fuel economy, agility, and ride comfort of many others in its class, though it's hardly poor in any of those ways. But to sell at the same price, it must do virtually everything as well as its engine refinement, its interior space and comfort, and its interior quality. It doesn't. It's still worth considering in its class, but it's not the class leader Hyundai tried to create.

 

The GMC Acadia / Saturn Outlook twins offer the Veracruz's benefits of a roomy interior with usable third-row seating, as well as better ride and handling and more cargo space, but aren't as quick, don't have the same interior quality, and aren't as quiet. The Ford Taurus X is quiet but otherwise un-luxurious, but is well-priced, comfortable, safe, and spacious. The Mazda CX-9 is the class leader for consumers interested in nimble handling, and the Chrysler Pacifica is a good value alternative, but neither are as roomy as the Veracruz. And, for those willing to consider them, minivans are excellent alternatives to FWD car-based midsize SUVs. Note that these vehicles do not do the same off-road or towing duty as truck-based models, like the Nissan Pathfinder or larger models like the Dodge Durango and Ford Expedition.

Jeep Commander

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $29,255-$35,225

Pros: Ride, price, towing capacity, warranty, acceleration (5.7-liter).

Cons: Fuel economy, acceleration (V6), refinement (V6), cargo space, third-row-seat space, visibility.

Overall: Not outstandingly capable on or off the road, but adequate in either situation.

Rating: 6/10

Recommended: YES

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 7/10 7/10
Luxury 5/10 5/10
Practicality 6/10 7/10
Performance 6/10 5/10
Fuel Economy 3/10 2/10
Safety Unknown Unknown
Price 7/10 5/10

The Commander is a reshaped and expanded version of Jeep's more popular Grand Cherokee model that squeezes in a third-row-seat to match the competition. While it isn't nearly as space efficient as many competitors, it allows for four passengers to sit in much more comfort than in the smaller Grand Cherokee, and can fit two more children. Like the Grand Cherokee, the Commander rides and handles well for a truck-based SUV, but lacks steering feel. A weak and noisy 3.7-liter V6 is standard, and an adequately powerful and quiet 4.7-liter V8 and a smooth and a strong 5.7-liter V8 are optional, but none of the three are fuel-efficient. Visibility is poor in all directions, despite the boxy shape, because of thick roof pillars and a high beltline. The Commander is a decent choice for consumers who must have a high towing capacity or good off-road ability, but its space, comfort, and refinement are not comparable to a good car-based competitor's.

 

If you don't need towing and off-road capabilities, consider the GMC Acadia and Saturn Outlook twins, which are spacious, comfortable, and refined. Another excellent midsize SUV to consider is the Ford Taurus X, which is quiet but otherwise un-luxurious, but is well-priced, comfortable, safe, and spacious, though it doesn't have quite as much cargo space as the Acadia. The Hyundai Veracruz has a luxurious interior and a very quiet ride, and is roomy and comfortable, but isn't as agile or spacious as the Acadia, and lacks a price advantage. The Honda Pilot is a roomy, somewhat utilitarian SUV that lacks the Acadia's luxury but is all-around competent. The Mazda CX-9 is the class leader for consumers interested in nimble handling, and the Chrysler Pacifica is a good value alternative, but neither are as roomy as the Acadia. And, for those willing to consider them, minivans are excellent alternatives to FWD car-based midsize SUVs. If towing or off-road ability is a must, consider the Ford Explorer and Nissan Pathfinder. The Explorer is more spacious, refined, and comfortable than either the Pathfinder or the Commander, but the other two are more powerful. The Pathfinder handles better and gets better gas mileage, but isn't as roomy. For even more space, consider larger SUVs like the Dodge Durango (which is mechanically related to the Commander but much roomier) and the Ford Expedition.

Jeep Grand Cherokee

Available As: Midsize SUV

Base Price Range (MSRP): $27,665-$40,105

Pros: Acceleration (5.7-liter), ride, handling, towing capacity.

Cons: Interior space, fuel economy, visibility, interior quality, refinement (V6), acceleration (V6.)

Overall: With a well-designed interior, it could have been one of the best truck-based midsize SUVs. Without it, it isn't.

Rating: 5/10

Recommended: NO

 

Characteristic: Compared to Midsize SUVs Compared to All  Vehicles
Seat Comfort 4/10 5/10
Luxury 4/10 5/10
Practicality 3/10 6/10
Performance 6/10 5/10
Fuel Economy 3/10 2/10
Safety 5/10 6/10
Price 7/10 4/10

The Grand Cherokee is available with a smooth, strong 5.7-liter V8, rides and handles well for a truck-based SUV, and seems to do better off-road even than many other truck-based competitors. But its shortcomings make it a poor choice in its class, shortcomings that are mostly found inside. The front seats lack head room, the low rear seat is uncomfortable and lacks leg room, there is no available third-row seat, and cargo space and access is compromised by the high load floor. The interior is also shoddily assembled with too many cheap plastics. Furthermore, the base V6 engine is weak and noisy, the midline 4.7-liter V8 isn't as strong as many competitors', and none of the three engines gets good gas mileage. The Grand Cherokee has its strong points, but then too many negatives.

 

Two better choices than the Grand Cherokee are the mechanically related Dodge Durango and Jeep Commander. Both offer comfortable seating for four passengers (the Durango goes further with space for eight to sit in comfort) and share the Grand Cherokee's strong points, but also suffer from mediocre interior quality, poor gas mileage, and weak base engines, and are larger and more expensive. If you want something the size of the Grand Cherokee and need to tow or go off-road, consider the Ford Explorer and Nissan Pathfinder. The Pathfinder is more powerful and agile, and the Explorer is more spacious and quieter. For on-road use and no need for a third-row, consider the Nissan Murano and Mitsubishi Endeavor, which offer comfort for five passengers and good acceleration and handling. And for more space at around the same price, consider the Chrysler Pacifica and Ford Taurus X, which are spacious, safe, comfortable, and quiet. 

Last Update: 1/21/08

 
© 2008, Institute For Consumer Automotive Research